超导电性与超导电子学
论文编号:WLX049 字数:12561,页数:22摘 要 在生物无法生存的低温世界里，许多物质的性质会发生意想不到的变化，超导性便是其中之一。自从1911年昂纳斯发现汞在4.2K附近电阻突然消失以来，研究人员开拓了一个新的超导物理领域。超导体具有极为丰富而奇特的物理化学特性，如直流电阻为零、完全抗磁性和超导隧道效应（即约瑟夫逊效应）等，但直到50年代，超导都只是作为探索自然界存在的现象和规律在研究，1957年BCS理论的建立才揭示了一直不为人知的超导机理。1962约瑟夫森效应的出现，更是将超导应用推广到了一个崭新的领域。70年代超导在电力工业和微弱检测应用方面的进展显示了它无比的优越性，如利用超导材料成功地获得了17.5T的高磁场，从而使电能输送、磁流体发电、超导磁悬浮列车等方面的研究、试制不断推进；用约瑟夫森效应做出的超导量子干涉器可分辩10-15T磁场，它立即应用到国防、探矿、地震预报、生物磁学等方面。但由于超导临界温度低，大大地限制了它的优越性,于是人们渐渐把注意力转向了高温超导。本文主要梳理了超导的研究发展历史，并跟踪了当今超导的研究及应用。 关键词：零电阻 完全抗磁性 约瑟夫森效应 BCS理论Abstract In the cold world where biology can not survive, A lots of properties of substance will have unexpected changes. One of them is the Superconductivity. In 1911, Onnes found the resistance of Hg suddenly disappeared when the temperature was close to 4.2K. A new field of superconductivity began. Superconductivity have a very rich and unique physical and chemical feature, such as the zero DC resistance, Meissner effect and superconducting tunnel effect (Josephson effect). In 50 years, superconductivity is just studied as the phenomena and laws of nature. The reason of superconductivity which was unclear in a long time was revealed until the theory of BCS, which was set up in 1957. Josephson effect, which found in 1962, put the superconductivity to a new field again. In 70 years, superconductivity shows its incomparable advantages in the area of power industry and weak detection. For example, make use of superconductivity to obtain a high magnetic field about 17.5T, make further research, such as Power transmission, MHD power generation and superconducting Maglev, The superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) made by Josephson effect can differentiate the magnetic field intensity about 10-15T, and it is applied in national defense, exploration, earthquake prediction, biological magnetic. But the superiority of superconductivity is limited on account of its low superconducting critical temperature. Scientists begin to pay attention to high temperature superconductor slowly. This article arranges the history of superconductivity research and development, and tracks the research and application of superconductivity.Keywords: zero resistance Totally anti-magnetic Josephson effect theory of BCS 目 录中文摘要 i英文摘要 ii目 录 iii第一章 绪论 11.1 研究动机与目的 11.2 研究背景 11.3 论文内容概述 2第二章 超导体基本性质 32.1 零电阻 32.2 完全抗磁性――迈斯纳效应 5第三章 约瑟夫森效应 73.1 直流约瑟夫森效应 73.2 交流约瑟夫森效应 83.3 约瑟夫森效应的应用 9第四章 超导电性微观理论 104.1 伦敦方程 104.2 BCS理论 11第五章 特殊超导体及超导应用 125.1 特殊超导体 125.1.1 第二类超导体 125.1.2 高温超导体 135.2 超导的应用 145.2.1 强电应用（超导电性应用） 145.2.2 弱电应用（超导电子学应用） 15第六章 结论 17致 谢 18参考文献 19
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